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Community-based program design is a social program design method that enables social service providers, organizers, designers and evaluators to serve specific communities in their own environment. This program design approach depends on the participatory approach of community development often associated with community-based social work, and is often employed by community organizations.〔Delgado, M. (1999). (Social work practice in nontraditional urban settings ). Oxford University Press. Oxford, New York.〕 From this approach, program designers assess the needs and resources existing within a community, and, involving community stakeholders in the process, attempt to create a sustainable and equitable solution to address the community's needs. Similar to traditional program design, community-based program design often utilizes a range of tools and models which are meant to enhance the efficacy and outcomes of the program’s design. The difference between traditional design and community-based design, when using these tools, is in the dynamics of the relationship between the designers, the participants, and the community as a whole. It evolved from the Charity Organization Society (COS) and the settlement house movements. Formally, community-based program development has been professionalized by such disciplines as urban studies and planning and social work. One advantage is a learning experience between a consumer and a social services provider.〔 One disadvantage is a limited availability of resources.〔 The models that can be used for it are the social-ecological model, which provides a framework for program design,〔 the logic model, which is a graphical depiction of logical relationships between the resources, activities, outputs and outcomes of a program,〔 the social action model, whoses objectives are to recognize the change around us in order to preserve or improve standards, understand the social action process/model is a conceptualization of how directed change takes place, and understand how the social action model can be implemented as a successful community problem solving tool,〔 and program evaluation, which involves the ongoing systematic assessment of community-based programs.〔 == History == Community practice in social work is linked with the historical roots of the profession's beginning in the United States. More specifically, the history of community-based social work has evolved from the COS, and the settlement house movements. However, during the earlier half of the 20th century, much of this work focused on institutionalization. Not until the 1960s did the shift from institutions to communities increase the emphasis on community-based program design. This is known as the era of deinstitutionalization.〔Tausig, M. Michello, J., & Subedi, S. (2003) ''(A Sociology of Mental Illness )''. Pearson: New York, NY〕 Community-based organizations and community-based programs burgeoned during the period of deinstitutionalization. The poor conditions of mental health institutions and an increasing amount of research that illustrated the benefits of maintaining the relationships of the individuals served within the community surfaced to further the growth of community-based programs. Although social work has been historically defined by these institutionalized and deinstitutionalized periods, informal community design programs have always existed. In fact, informal community-based programs predate human service applications of this approach.〔 In 1999, Melvin Delgado, a professor at the Boston University School of Social Work illustrated this point by quoting Harper (1990) regarding African-Americans' provision of health care in the community, stating: Blacks have always cared for the sick at home, yet it was never labeled 'home care.' Blacks have been dying at home and receiving care in the process, yet it was never called 'hospice care.' Blacks have relieved each other from the caring and curing processes, yet it was never seen as 'respite care.' Blacks have cared for each other in their homes, in their neighborhoods, and throughout their communities, yet it was never referred to as 'volunteerism.'〔Harper, B.C.O. (1990). Blacks and the health care delivery system: Challenges and prospects, Social work practice with black families. White Plains, NY.〕 Formally, community-based program development has been professionalized by such disciplines as urban studies and planning and social work. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Community-based program design」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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